Nationalism In The Middle East Essay - 1564 Words

The study of international relations is very broad and complex. It is the study of nations and states and how they are formed. It is also the study of measures, such as revolutions and wars, that create different nations and states and the reasons behind such measures. One important concept in international relations is the view of nationalism. Nationalism is a part of every nation and state and thus is relevant to each country. An important geographical area where nationalism relates directly to the events occurring today would be in the Middle East where nationalistic views of two different nations, that of Jews and Arabs, coincide to create a very volatile conflict that has run its course for nearly a whole century.†¦show more content†¦The current problems in the Middle East relate back to more than an entire century. In the year 1895, a Jewish captain in the French army named Alfred Dreyfus was tried for spying for the enemy Germans. The French newspapers proclaimed Dre yfus as, quot;the Jew traitorquot;. Dreyfus after being tried and convicted, was sentenced to Devils Island prison to serve his sentence. However, only after his conviction did the truth come out that Dreyfus was framed and completely innocent. Eventually, Dreyfus was acquitted and set free. During and after the trial a young journalist who was sent to cover the trial, named Theodor Herzl, noticed something that he felt very frightening. He saw mobs of angry French citizens standing outside the courthouse chanting quot;death to the Jewsquot;. Herzl was perplexed as to why many French citizens were ready to lynch all Jews for the perceived actions of a single Jew. To young Theodor Herzl, this was the turning point. Herzl became interested in a Jewish movement called the Zionist movement and thus joined the Zionists. In 1987, he wrote a book entitled â€Å"The Jewish State,† urging the settlement of Jewish agriculturists and artisans in Palestine to form their own state. This w as the beginning of the Jewish Nationalism in the Middle East. In the Zionist movement, Jews felt that they could no longer live as a minority in other peoplesShow MoreRelatedNationalism in the Middle East2025 Words   |  9 Pagesare attached to the citizens of nation-states. In her book, Montserrat Guinernau particularly addresses European nationalism and this study focuses on how her analysis can be applied to the development of Middle Eastern nationalism. According to Montserrat Guinernau, there are essential factors that entail national identity and ultimately lead to collective nationalism. Nationalism constitutes of a conscious human group forming a community through shared common culture, characterized by a commonRead MoreThe Role Of Modern Nationalism And The Middle East1639 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be discussing the role of modern nationalism and how this ideology affected the transition from colonial rule to independence in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, as well as the problems that plagued them since 1945, and how these different nations have solved them. I will be specifically concentrating on the nations of India, Algeria, and Iran. In the wake of World War Two, the power of Asian nationalism was irrepressible. Many new nations emerged all throughout this massiveRead MoreInfluence of the Superpowers in the Middle East Conflict between 1949 and 1978699 Words   |  3 PagesTo what extent was the Middle East conflict between 1948 and 1978 fuelled by the interests and concerns of the superpowers in the region? During 1948 and 1978 there was massive conflict in the Middle East between Arab Muslim countries and Jewish Israel. The conflict itself was fuelled by nationalism and religious differences and other disputes such as the Palestinians refugee problem. During this time the superpowers got involved in the Middle East because of the cold war. However, the superpowersRead MoreSoviet Penetration and Growth in Syria During the Late 1950s1406 Words   |  6 PagesBritain and Frances colonial decline in Egypt and throughout the Middle East in general, heralded an end of traditional Western domination in the area. From this pivotal event arose a zeitgeist in which Arab nationalism was widely championed most dominantly, perhaps, in Egypt and Syria and in parts of the Middle East in which it was not overtly heralded, it was acknowledged and respected as a means of enabling independent Middle Eastern regimes. The Soviet Unions ability then to support both EgyptRead MoreThe Middle East Conflict159 8 Words   |  7 PagesBy the year 1948, there was a massive amount of tension that had built-up in the Middle-East. This tension had in fact originated 19 centuries earlier, and had started due to the differences in both religion and nationalism between the Jews and Arabs. After the Romans gained control of Judea, this caused the diaspora of Jews to all the parts of the world. Eventually, the majority of Jews did return back to the region, after the official establishment of the state of Israel, and this led to the Arab-IsraelRead MoreU.S. and The Middle East Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesThe role of the Middle East has been very crucial to the United States, especially after WWII. The U.S. had three strategic goals in the Middle East and consistently followed them throughout various events that unfolded in the region. First, with the emergence of the cold war between the Soviet Union and the U.S., policymakers began to recognize the importance of the Middle East as a strategic a rea in containing Soviet influence. This also coincides with the U.S. becoming increasingly wary of ArabRead MoreEffects Of The Middle East And Eastern Europe1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects in the Middle East and Eastern Europe War World I, otherwise known as the â€Å"Great War,† was a devastating ordeal for the people of the world, who faced the repercussions of the war. The war was started with ideas of nationalism, patriotic feelings, which can be unifying, however it can turn nations against each other as well. During the war, in the years of 1914-1918 and the years after it leading to the Second World War, the occupation of the regions in the Middle East and Eastern EuropeRead MoreSuper Power Involvement in the Middle East1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe superpowers, namely the USSR and US were in engaged in a war by proxy, which is very easy to identify if you analyze the conflicts in the Middle East from 1948 until, and including, the Yom Kippur War of 1978. The superpowers would employ tactics such as supplying their various ‘allies’ in the Middle East with weapons and finances which would afford them the ability to engage in the many conflicts that took place in that period suc h as the Suez Crisis, Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War. AllRead MoreThe Nazi s And The Middle East797 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history there have been groups that have forever shaped the world politically, socially, and economically. The Nazi regime left a tremendous impact on the world; especially the Middle East. These impacts are still felt today. Indeed, the Nazi party had a tremendous impact on Arab nationalism, Islamism, and the actions that were taken by the Palestinian Arab Movement, that were the genesis of the radicalization of today’s Islamic state. The Nazis were able to influence these aspects throughRead MoreJew in the Arab World 1071 Words   |  5 Pagesages. As a result of that many of an ethnic group from outside Middle East decides to move on to that rich area which later many minorities have spread to the Islamic Empire land therefore The Arabic regions were famous with the diversity of minority which creates a lot of conflict with Middle East r egion especially in Jews and Arab sides. The United Nation Resolution 181 (1947), this resolution impacts the stability in the Middle East region which leads to many conflicts between Arab and Jewish minority

Group Decision And Social Change Essay - 1936 Words

Group Decision and Social Change - Kurt Lewin A diagnosis to this problem would be the fact that people almost always resist to change. The resistance to change at the City of Troutdale is a normal reaction. Organizational change is an ongoing topic in organizational behavior. As each manager wants to make the organization a better place because everyone is a part of it, organizational change is important to organizational development. Organizational change is the process of employees making relatively permanent alterations in their behavior as a function of their experiences and learning over time. Experiencing and learning make change possible. With change and experience, the quality of organizational lives can improve. Organizational learning and change are anchored in the knowledge and application of the central topics of organizational theories, such as leadership, motivation, teamwork, creating exciting and supportive work environments, and the effective use of power and influence. In this section, the theory of Kurt Lewin will be reviewed in order to clarify the process of organizational change. This is an approach to understanding the behavior of citizens at Troutdale by trying to map out the totality and complexity of the field in which the behavior takes place. Lewin assumes that the behavior of a group is an intricate set of symbolic interactions and forces that not only affect group structures, but also modify individual behavior. Therefore, individual behaviorShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Conformity and Group Influence in Twelve Angry Men912 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Conformity and Group Influence in Twelve Angry Men Introduction The film â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† directed by Sidney Lumet illustrates many social psychological principles. The tense, gripping storyline that takes place in the 1950s features a group of jurors who must decide unanimously whether a young man is guilty or innocent in the murder of his father. At the beginning, eleven of the twelve jurors voted guilty. Gradually, through some heated discussion, the jurors are swayed to a not-guiltyRead MoreProcess of Purchase1206 Words   |  5 Pages Consumer buying behavior is the decision process and acts of people involved in buying and using products. The final purchase decision is often a result of the interaction between the final decision maker and a range of influencer. 1 The process of purchasing decision passes through five different stages 1- Needs recognition 2- Information Search 3- Evaluation 4- Decision 5- Post purchase evaluation Consumer behavior and purchasing decision is a phenomenon affected by internal and external factorsRead MoreThe Influence Of Social Influence On Behavior854 Words   |  4 PagesThe study of social influence has been an essential topic of study for researchers and social psychologists. Social influence pertains to the different ways people influence the feelings, behaviors and beliefs of others through interpersonal relationship (Fiske, 2008). Also, some key concepts in the analysis of social influence include conformity, compliance, and obedience. Compliance refers to a change in behavior in response to an overt or obscure request made by another individual. Hence, complianceRead MoreThe Theory Of The Scientific Management1283 Words   |  6 Pagespowerful is social pressure for decision making process. Based on their experiment, this report reveals the resistance of the change within organization and how to manage those people during the change process. It is clear that all the successful organization’s performance and their profit defend on the human labor, regardless of how many employees they have. The Managers goal of the organization is how to create effective work place and lead the people towards to constant markets change, which manyRead MoreThe Generalist Social Work Practice1210 Words   |  5 Pages In the generalist social work practice, a social worker is a change agent due to the expansive and complex umbrella of social and human services and roles. A change agent works to promote positive changes for the well-being of an individual, family, group, organization or community. In order to fulfill the tasks of a social worker, one should be trained and equipped with a wide variety of skills: such as setting appropriate boundaries, possessing and utilizing self-awareness and the ability to counselRead MoreThe Outcome Of The 2016 Election Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagesothers. However, when looking at the theories and ideas in political psychology, the election of Republican nominee Donald Trump over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton is not entirely shocking. Cognitive dissonance theory, schemas and heuristics, and social influence, specifically conformity, can all help to explain why Donald Trump is America’s new president-elect. Cognitive dissonance is defined as â€Å"when people encounter an inconsistency between any two cognitions† (Haas, Lecture, October 11, 2016)Read MoreViolence And Hate Crime And Violence Through Intercultural Praxis, Education, And Socially Responsible Actions1431 Words   |  6 Pagespraxis, education, and socially responsible actions. Social violence or crimes involves people from different cultures and their diversity lead to emergence of superiority and inferiority (In Sorrells In Sekimoto, 2015). Cultural groups that are seen as inferior are looked down upon by superior cultures which then creates a rivalry. To end this violence, education and awareness must be the key first and foremost, then intercultural praxis and social responsibilities will help to an extent. The mainRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Norms On The People And The World Around Us Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesWe use social interaction to discover more about the people and the world around us. People can influence our behavior in many ways. Our behavior is determined the social situation. Social roles are the different positions a person can become within a group. These roles are important because each role is a different set of behaviors. When individuals grow and mature, their role may change. Some roles change for the better, some change in an undesirable way. Social norms are defined as a set of unwrittenRead MoreWhat Reflective Account Reviews My Role Within The Stubbs Family Case1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe reflective account reviews my role within ‘the Stubbs family case’. I will be reviewing my groups actions, thoughts and feelings which supported our understanding on how we perform. Also I will evaluate the group motivation and strategies we used to ach ieve our end goal. Additionally, I will demonstrate the links between the practitioner’s role within the family case and the impact on integrated working (CWDC 2010). The Family case focuses on integrated working. Reason being, for the situationRead MoreSocial Movement : A Social Organization1666 Words   |  7 PagesA social movement is a campaign that is loosely organized but sustained in supporting a common social goal, either the prevention or implementation of a change in the values and culture of a society. Social movements are essentially collective even if they have differences in their sizes. A key question on this is the features that make this campaign be categorized as being a movement. One thing is that a social movement is not a crowd that is merely perpetuated, due to the fact that an organization

Business Planning Expendation Managing Development

Question: Describe about the Business Planning Expendation for Managing Development. Answer: Introduction To start up a business in a new country, the business development manager has certain responsibilities to deal with. There are many emerging opportunities for entrepreneurs and business owners in the market to set up a distinct organization from those which already exist in the particular country. It is essential for the business manager to keep knowledge about certain things before starting up a business in a new country. Some countries usually confiscate business or property that are owned by foreigners, so it is advisable to make sure that we do not end up starting a business in a country having jurisdiction with maximum political risk. Another criterion for starting up a business is good economic situation of the country so that the population residing there has tendency to spend more resulting in greater profit. It is necessary to enter into a business only when you are expert at it, one should have complete knowledge about it, and an incomplete knowledge about the business will lead to a major disaster. Partnering with a local, who is trustworthy and has knowledge and experience about such business can bring a lot of effectiveness in the project. Significant time shall be spent in determining the local habits of that country. It is feasible to set up trial run and to conduct survey before making huge amount of investment (Kaiser, D, 2016). Berjaya Group is planning to expand its business in Canada, as according to the surveys and researches performed we have come up to the conclusion that Canada is the best country to expand our business because of its low cost of living and supply of high educated workforce. Canada is a great destination for a start-up as Canadas inflation rate is flat; it provides venture capital and financing to small businesses (Knowles, R, Castillo, C, 2010). Canada helps in Business Development by providing rendering services, training services and loans (Gillett, R, 2014). Steps to start a Business in Canada To start a business in Canada many formalities has to be fulfilled. Even if Canada is one of the best country to start up a business it is essential to follow certain guide and rules (Neelankavil, 2015). Come up with a good idea First of all a good business idea is must to start up a business in Canada or anywhere else. Whatever the business idea may be it should be effective to bring success in the business plan. It should be innovative and according to the needs and wants of the population residing in that area. Decide a business name for the project While choosing a business name two things should be kept in mind, one is the marketing potential of the business name and second is its legal elements. The name of the business should not be similar to the name of any other existing business. It should have its own distinct identity. Form of business ownership To start a business in Canada it is essential to choose a business ownership that creates the legal structure of the business. Every form of business has some advantages and disadvantages, so while making this decision the project manager has to make a decision accordingly that will be able to make the business a great success. Registration of the business name It is compulsory to get the name of the business registered for almost all business in Canada. It is so to create a legal image of its own and can legally perform the business activities in and around the country. Through registration a company will receive the certificate of registration and can run its business activities with ease. Business Financing Some business can be easily financed by the owners itself but some business usually tends to face financing problem. They need funds from other sources to start up with the work. Canada provides subordinate financing to small businesses. Business License Licensing means lease of a legally protected entity such as name, logo, graphic design, signature, slogan, character, likeness, etc. It is the marketing and branding tool that is used by corporation of small business. It is not necessary for all organization to get license before operating within the municipalities as a legal one. Licensing depends upon the type of business we are starting with. There are other rules to start up a business such as Registration for Goods and Services Tax and Harmonized Sales Tax depending upon the type of business (Ward, S, 2016). PESTLE Analysis PESTLE Analysis includes six external factors that affects the business. Political factors To start up a new business in any country it is essential to analysis the variables related to global and local politics, which has potential to influence the business. Usually legal environment and law related factors are often grouped with political factors; therefore, it is essential to distinguish them as legal factors in PESTLE Analysis. The political system of the country , their international relationship and government subsidies and sanctions are regarded as the political factors that can influence the business. Economic factor The factors that are concerned with the economy, goods and services and money are termed as economic factors. Supply and demand of a product, tax rates, interest rates and inflation are the economic factors that affect business. Canada is one of the best country to start up a business as it ensures start-ups to maintain stability in the economy (Wesson, T, 2007). Socio-cultural factors These factors are connected with the behaviour of the society and its culture. For example, the consumer lifestyle, family size, social classes etc are responsible to affect the social factors in starting up a new business. Technological factors The factors that are related to the existence and availability of new technology are known as technological factors. Due to the development of new technology it is essential to read these factors before setting up a new business. It is important to cope up with the dynamic environment of the business world. Legal factors Legal factors are also responsible in affecting the business. The factors related to law which has capacity to influence the operation and behaviour of the customer are termed as legal factors. An organization should study the consumer law of that country where it is planning to set up their business, know the legal procedure to start up and keep complete knowledge about the export and import laws to run smoothly by following all the legal compliances prescribed by the Government of that particular country. Environment factors The ecological factors related to the physical environment in which we live are known as environment factors. For example, climate change, pollution and animal extinction (Plewea, M, Whitney, J, 1997). To start with a new business make sure the climatic condition of that country is suitable for the products and services that we are intended to offer. All theses condition should be favourable to begin with a new business (Bush, T, 2016). SWOT Analysis of Canada Canada is that type of country which is associated with culture and tradition. In SWOT Analysis the countrys position in the market, their export and the reason for sound economy will be discussed understanding about its Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the country (Pahl, N, Richter, A, 2009). Strengths Entrepreneurial support The Government of Canada supports entrepreneurship by providing many avenues such as tax reductions and breaks and due to this reason the other countries can confidently start up their business in Canada (Thompson, S, 2010). Niche Growth of the Market The exports of Canada have been a success and this is the main reason behind increase in the profit of the country. The export of the country still continues to grow ensuring a greater profit growth rate. Close to Americans Canada and United States are the neighbouring country, Canada has been able to gain the benefits of trade surplus substantially with America and this amounts for almost three-fourth of Canadas merchandise exports during each year. Weaknesses Dependency on the US High dependency of Canada on US can sometimes be its weakness as well, as a very large proportion of Canadas export (around 74%) goes to America. During the period of US recession, the exports of Canada faced a downfall because they very totally dependent on Canada. When the US market faces a loss or downfall in the market it will ultimately affect Canadian market too (Martin, J, Chaney, L, 2008). Fluctuations in Canadian dollar The Canadian dollar keeps fluctuating up and down but it is mostly down, which may cause a rift in the country. It resulted as a period of unemployment because many left their jobs when the dollar value goes down. Opportunities Emerging markets Since Canada is a country having big exports, they have a competitive advantage over exports in the international market. As we can see that US is Canadas biggest market relating to export, when there is an increase in demand from the Asian market Canada steps forward to fulfil it (Frue, K,2016). Threats The closing of stores Due to the downfall in the Canadian dollar the livelihood of many stores has been threatened and leading to its closure. This resulted in unemployment and even additional stores namely, Future Shop and Target has closed their operation in Canada due to its poor economic growth. Integrated Business Plan An integrated business plan is a process in which two or more function of a business are integrated and which can be termed as an enterprise holding high financial position. In this process the functional area of the business is defined such as it develops operational plan and sales plan, healthcare analytics and strategies that a corporate should follow to manage the corporate properly. It also involves planning of various plants engaged in the factory. The integrated business plan basically includes five major steps (Integrated Business Planning, 2016). Sense In this process we plan that what will be the demand in the local as well as the global market. We need to understand that how the plants and supply chain will respond to the demand of products and services. After the preparation of the demand plan it is essential to make sure that all the developmental level in an organization is working effectively to fulfil the demand. The demand planners also needs to forecast against the inventory and service levels so that this can be helpful in facing the decision challenges. Shape The second step is the shape process; in this process we build an optimized demand along with the supply plan at both local and national level. We need to identify the gaps and alternatives that are available to address the mismatch before they can affect the ultimate customers. A plan is developed to focus on the family and sub family line to facilitate long term goals and to complete the plan. Collaborate In this step we have to build a plan taking the local, regional and the national level into consideration and also the customers and suppliers. The demand plan and the supply plan should be collaborated actively with the stakeholders. The collaboration should include trading partners, the suppliers and the customers and the sales organization. Technology enables such collaboration by the use of social media. By this the organizational coordination will establish that will help in achieving the organizational goals. Integrate In this step all the stakeholders and executives should be brought together for the approval of the plans related to demand, supply and finance. It should be assured that the functions of the business are being handled as per the plan; the integration plan should not be taken for granted. This plan can be done with the help of technology and maintenance of discipline. As a result of integration plan there will be only one integrated plan that will be an optimized one. This integrated plan helps a lot in making decision in the organization (Information Resources Management Association, International Conference, 2001). Orchestrate After the completion of above steps, this plan should be published and should adapt the changes occurred in the business to bring some improvement. The building of plan is not enough it is also necessary to operate the integrated business plan in the desired way. When this step comes to an end it will ultimately result into an organization that will be working more efficiently and the employees will be able to cooperate and coordinate according to the plan. The Diamond of National Advantage Dr. Michael Porter, professor of Harvard Business School, school conducted many successful theories and one of them is termed as Porters Diamond and consists of various factors to achieve competitive advantage. Porter defined that there are basically four attributes that is required to gain competitive advantages. Factor Conditions The factors related to production like infrastructure, skilled labour and education that are necessary to compete in an industry are the factor conditions in this model (Basu, C, 2016). Education and Training A country that spends a large amount on education is Canada than other countries all around the world; this is the reason that Canada is referred as a country having highest educated population. Canadas workforce level of skills is ranked as number one when compared to other various countries (IMD, World competitiveness Yearbook, 2009). Infrastructure In case of doing business both in and outside the nation Canada stands at the second largest position and this has been possible due to good transportation having developed networks. Canada has no problem in transporting goods both in local as well as in the international market. Demand Conditions It describes the demand and its nature in the local market related to the goods and services in the industry itself. Due to the global recession, few countries have a stable and sound economy. The Economic Action Plan in Canada is trying to develop various tax reductions so as to create job opportunities and sustain them to stimulate the economy overall. Supporting and Related Industries The industries related to multinational enterprises in Canada, is competitive and this is due to competition among various product portfolios. Acquisitions and mergers of large enterprises are mostly common in Canada. A new business can flourish when they get support from any local or a company that has already been established and doing well in the market. Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry It is essential to determine the establishment, management and organization of the company existing in the market as their rivals. When it come to local strategy and structure, Canada is very different from all other countries in the world because Canada deals with two different languages and two different cultures: French and English. So, while taking business decision it should keep in mind the cultural differences among the two cultures and languages (International business and Canada, Porters diamond of national advantage and Canada, 2016). Business Risk Canada Political and Economic Due to fall in the value of Canadian dollar many people left their jobs and it resulted in the creation of unemployment in the economy. The economic growth of the country declined due to the instability in the Canadian dollar. The Federation structure of Canada comprises of three levels of Government, responsible for handling the international affairs, banking, intellectual property, transportation, customs tariffs and many other aspects (Speziale, R, 2016). All these Councils handle different sector and it is important to comply with the requirements prescribed by theses councils in various areas (Duggan, T, 2016). Human Rights and Business The Federal and the Provincial Government has an important role in the administration of labour laws of Canada. Among these two, Provincial Government is more important. The Canadian Employment law covers many area such as overtime pay, number of hours worked, public holidays, minimum wage etc. The minimum wage law varies in Canada and this is according to the territorial or provincial law. Most of the workers enjoy the right of annual leave days without any problem of being paid less. Therefore, it becomes very difficult to understand these laws and to compliances with them. Bribery and Corruption We all know that bribery is totally illegal. In case of companies which deal in bidding on contracts that are procured by federal government, many companies try to receive those contracts by provide bribe. Bribery and corruption can also influence a business in achieving its goal successfully (Ricks, D, 2009). Other risk associated with new business in Canada are the risk of terrorism threat, protective security advice and intellectual property rights as the administration is done through the Intellectual Property Office of Canada. Canada is a country where it has a history of organised crime hence, business doing well can be a part of this crime (Department for International Trade, 2016). Promoting and Advertising Promoting a business is an ongoing activity and it is essential even after the business starts running. It involves word of mouth, trade shows and paid advertisement. Once the marketing plan is developed a suitable technique of promotion is adopted. Marketing plan template Marketing plan template is a road map that helps in finding customers and to keep the customers. It involves the understanding of ideal customer so that they can enjoy good buying experience. It is one time investment but it will help an organization in setting up long term goals (Vipond, M, 2011). Developing Website For the convenience of the customers websites are designed so that they can find about the business online. If a business does not have a website it is advisable to have one to gain competitive advantage over their rivals who already have one. It is not necessary that the products have to be sold online but creation of a website will help the customers to have an idea about the business. Developing a brochure We know that marketing is usually done online but print media still has some importance that can be effective in promoting a business. It is an effective one because it is tangible and when a trade show is organised customers will demand for a brochure. It acts as a reminder of the products that are dealt in a business (Government of Canada, 2016). Email marketing The most influential way to communicate with the customers is email marketing as it is less expensive and convenient. It helps in targeting the right customers by considering emails for marketing that gives respect to the Canadian law. In email marketing is it important to craft the right message so that when the readers open the mail they can directly know about the message. This can be done by creating a subject line that is meaningful. It can be made attractive by offering discounts or providing professional tips (Government of Canada, 2016). Business Culture in Canada Canada is a multicultural country; despite to its size and diversity we can say that business culture has some consistency in it. Canadians are polite people, they value their country with respect and they want peace with good government policies. It is advisable not to offend a person in business and to follow all the basic etiquettes to secure a deal (Bricker, D, Ibbitson, J. 2013). Punctuality Canadians are usually very punctual, and being late is termed as showing disrespect. Not only being late but arriving too early is also not appreciated as it will interrupt the schedule of others. Egalitarian management structure They follow the formal style and want the managers perform their tasks in team and not as aloof authority. Everybody should be allowed to give their opinions while making a business decision but the ultimate power of taking decision lies with the top authorities (Whittle, J, 1997). Meetings Reserved and a perfect professional relationship is maintained in business. A meeting begins with a small talk and then the procedure of meeting is begun. While conducting a meeting it is to be ensured that politeness is followed. Business cards are exchanged so that it can be carried to the next meetings. In the meeting all the business facts, figures and documents are presented that are logical and accurate. Greetings In Canada the small business does not have formal dress code but a suit and tie is must while attending a meeting. Formal titles are used while addressing the authorities. It is necessary to follow the business etiquettes in Canada to accomplish the goal of a business. Communication style A direct communication system is preferred in Canada. Emotions have little value as they are reserved person and not open. One should not show aggression but has the right to speak what they feel like; they can put up their points and thoughts in a polite manner (Business in Canada, 2016). Conclusion International business involves those commercial activities that take place among two or more countries. Usually this type of business is a private one and main motive is to expand their business resulting in huge amount of profit. Berjaya Group is planning to start its business in Canada because it is among the top five countries suitable to start up a new business in the world. Canada is a place where small entrepreneurs are capable to start up an enterprise with minimum efforts as the Government has shown support in this regard. In Canada Government has introduced many tax reduction policies and rules which makes very easy for small enterprise and other business to make profit. Canadian Government is also supporting the enterprise by providing loans and funds. Canada is a country where employees are educated and qualified. They are properly trained and know the local working culture of the country. To start up a new business in Canada Berjaya is planning to take help from a local person who has knowledge and experience in concerned business field so that he can guide and show the right path. We can even involve local partnership to make more profit and establish our business there. Canada is a best place to expand our business but there are certain risks involved such as language barrier and culture adaptation. To avoid such risk our managers have studied the local market and are ready to overcome such risks. We look forward that Berjaya Group can successfully start a business in Canada and achieve its goal within a short period. It is expected from all the persons associated with the company to be supportive and enthusiastic to implement our plan so that we can perform outstandingly in the global market. References Basu, C. (2016).The Importance of Porters Diamond Porters Five Forces in Business, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-porters-diamond-porters-five-forces-business-33891.html Bush, T. (2016). PESTLE Analysis: Everything You Need to Know, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://pestleanalysis.com/pestle-analysis-everything-you-need-know/#more-1079 Business in Canada. (2016). Doing Business in Canada, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://www.expatarrivals.com/canada/doing-business-in-canada Department for International Trade. (2016). Overseas Business Risk Canada, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/overseas-business-risk-canada/overseas-business-risk-canada Dlabay, L, Scott, J. (2010). International Business. United States: Cengage. Frue, K. (2016). SWOT Analysis of Canada, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://pestleanalysis.com/swot-analysis-of-canada Gillett, R. (2014). The five best places in the world to start a company, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://www.fastcompany.com/3033589/hit-the-ground-running/the-five-best-places-in-the-world-to-start-a-company-infographic Government of Canada. (2016). Promoting and Advertising Your Business, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://www.canadabusiness.ca/eng/page/2806 Integrated Business Planning. (2016). The Five Stages of Integrated Business Planning, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://www.demandsolutions.com/solutions/integrated-business-planning/process.html International business Canada. (2016). The Diamond of National Advantage, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://sites.google.com/site/internationslbusinessandcanada/porter-s-diamond-of-national-advantage-and-canada Kaiser, D. (2016). Six Elements to Starting a Business Overseas, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://www.internationalman.com/articles/six-elements-to-starting-a-business-overseas Knowles, R, Castillo, C. (2010). Small Business: An Entrepreneurs Plan. Cengage Learning. Martin, J, Chaney, L. (2008). Passport to Success: The Essential Guide to Business Culture and Customs in Americas Largest Trading Partners. ABC-CLIO. Neelankavil. (2015). Basics of International Business. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Nyland, C. (2001). Malaysian Business in the New Era. United States: Edward Elgar Publishing. Orakwue, O. (2007). Two Dozen Businesses You Can Start and RUN IN Canada, the USA and Elsewhere. Obrake Books. Pahl, N, Richter, A. (2009). SWOT Analysis Idea, Methodology and a Practical Approach. GRIN Verlag. Ricks, D. (2009). Blunders in International Business. New York: John Wiley Sons. Rugman, A. (2002). International Business: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management. Taylor Francis. Shenkar, O, Luo, Y, Chi, T. (2014). International Business. United Kingdom: Routledge. Verbeke, A. (2013). International Business Strategy. Cambridge University Press. Ward, S. (2016). Steps to Starting a Business in Canada, Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://www.thebalance.com/steps-to-starting-a-business-in-canada-2947257 Wasny, G. (1999). How to Conquer the World. Government Institutes. Wesson, T. (2007). Canada and the New World Economic Order: Strategic Briefings for Canadian Enterprise. Captus Press. Whittle, J. (1997). Canada Business: The Portable Encyclopedia For Doing Business with Canada. United States: World Trade Press. Speziale, R. (2016). Market Masters: Interviews with Canadas Top Investors Proven Investing Strategies You Can Apply. ECW Press. Plewea, M , Whitney, J. (1997). Environmental Impact assessment in Canada: processes and approaches. Institute for Environmental Studies. Duggan, T. (2016). Why Is Risk Management Important to Project Sucess? Viewed 19 September 2016 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/risk-management-important-project-success-56920.html Thompson, S. (2010). 167 Tax Tips for Canadian Small Business: Beat the Taxman to Keep More Money in Your Business. John Wiley Sons. Information Resources Management Association, International Conference. (2001). Managing Information Technology in a Global Economy. Idea Group Inc. Vipond, M. (2011). The Mass Media in Canada: Fourth Edition. James Lorimer amp; Company. Bricker, D, Ibbitson, J. (2013). The Big Shift: The Seismic Change in Canadian Politics, Business, and Culture and What It Means for Our Future. Harper Collins.

Measurement Association Historical Account -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Measurement Association Historical Account? Answer: Introducation As per IFRS 13 (Fair Value Measurement), fair value is essentially a market based enumeration and not necessarily an entity specific dimension. As such, market transactions or else market information might perhaps be available or not available for certain assets as well as liabilities (Warren and Jones 2018). Nevertheless, the aim of a fair value measurement in both the cases is identical for estimating the price at which an orderly transaction to market to the asset or else to transfer the asset happens between participants of the market at the date of measurement under present measurement conditions. Essentially, this IFRS is applicable at the time when another IFRS allows fair value enumeration or disclosures regarding fair value measurement, founded on fair value otherwise disclosures regarding those measurement (ref: paragraph 5 IFRS 13). According to paragraph 11, a fair value dimension is for a specific asset or else a liability. Thus, at the time of measuring fair value a spe cific entity needs to consider the features of the asset or else liability in case if participants of market would consider those features at the time of pricing firms asset or else liabilities at the date of measurement. However, this kind of characteristics contains the condition as well as location of the asst along with restrictions if at all on the sale or on the usage of the asset. In essence, asset or else liabilities enumerated at fair value can be a standalone asset/liability or a group of assets and/or liabilities (Henderson et al. 2015). As rightly suggested by (), historical cost can be considered as the original cost of a specific asset as registered in the accounting records of an entity. Majority of the business transactions registered in the accounting records of a corporation are mentioned at the historical costs. A historical cost can be proven by accessing the source purchase or trade documents. Nevertheless, historical cost has the disadvantage of not necessarily reflecting the actual fair value of a specific asset that is likely to diverge from the purchases cost over a period of time. As per accounting standard, historical costs has the need for certain adjustments with passage of time. Fundamentally, historical cost varies from many other cost that are assigned to a specific asset, namely replacement cost or else inflation adjustment cost. However, historical cost can still be regarded as a central theme for registering assets, even though fair value is replacing the same for certain kinds of assets (Beat ty and Liao 2014). The ongoing replacement of the historical cost by fair value system of measurement is founded on the debate that historical cost reflects a conservative image of a corporation. However, the choice between using fair value and historical cost system of accounting can be considered to be a widely debated matter of concern. Nonetheless, the debate necessarily dates back to 1990s. Unlike majority of the accounting standards, IFRS delivers a choice between both fair value and the historical cost system of accounting for diverse non-financial assets. In addition to this, IFRS also calls for the need of an ex-ante commitment that implies commitment to one of the two policies of accounting (Bushman 2014). Thus, managers have an incentive to respond to demands of the market and commit to a specific treatment of accounting that can help in maximizing firms value. Again, fair value systems of accounting for different non-financial assets have the benefit of enhanced value relevance as well as information content, lessened asymmetry of information and augmented comparability. Reports suggest that then usage of the fair value in place of historical cost is not necessari ly random and takes place only when advantages outweigh the costs Evaluation of benefits and challenges of using historical cost and fair value accounting for PPE and intangibles AS per AASB 116, fair value can be considered as the amount for which a particular asset could necessarily be exchanged between mainly knowledgeable, intending parties in arms length business transactions. As per paragraph 15 of AAS 116 (Measurement at recognition), an item of PPE (plant, property and equipment) that necessarily qualifies for purpose of recognition and can be considered as a specific asset can be enumerated at cost (Warren 2016). AASB 138 prescribes treatment of accounting for various intangible assets that are not necessarily with particularly in another accounting standard. In essence, this standard is applicable to reporting entity that has the need to prepare pecuniary reports as per Part 2M.3 of mainly the Corporations Act and that is essentially a reporting entity (Wild 2015). As mentioned in the standard AASB 138 (for intangible assets), cost is necessarily the carrying amount of particularly cash as well as cash equivalents that is paid or else the fair value of different other considerations that are provided to acquire a particular asset during the time of acquisition. This standard when applicable, entire amount is attributed to the particular asset at the time when initially recognized as per particular requirements of other standards of accounting. As per AASB 3 (Business Combination) in case if an intangible asset is acquired in a specific business combination, the specific cost of that particul ar intangible asset is necessarily at the fair value at the date of acquisition (Callen 2015). Basically, fair value of an intangible asset shall help in replicating expectations of participants of a market at the date of acquisition regarding the possibility that the anticipated future economic advantages that are necessarily embodied in a particular asset will flow to the reporting entity. In case if an intangible asset that is acquired in a specific business combination can be separated or if it stems from contractual or else any other legal rights, then adequate information subsists to enumerate to asset at fair value. Reporting entity might select to recognize intangible asset as well as grant at the fair value as per AASB 120 (Abernathy et al. 2015). Again, as per cost model that is elucidated as per paragraph 74 of the AAS 138, after explicit initial recognition, a specific intangible asset of an entity shall necessarily be carried at a particular revalued amount that is bein g the fair value recorded at the revaluation date after deduction of any kind of subsequent accumulated amortisation and any following accumulated impairment losses. Fair value dimensions and systems of accounting for property, plant, and equipment (PPE) can be considered to be superior to particularly historical cost founded on the features of mainly predictive value, value of feedback, timeliness, representational faithfulness, consistency, neutrality and comparability (Williams 2016). Essentially, verifiability seems to be the only qualitative feature that favours historical cost over the theme of fair value. However, there are benefits as well of using historical cost for valuation of PPE in the balance sheet. It is such that historical cost can be verified. Normally, the cost incurred at the time of purchase is registered with various agreements, disbursements, transfer taxes and many others. Essentially, the historical cost of particularly plant property and equipment is also utilized for the purpose of ascertainment of the amount of the depreciation expends that are reported on the entitys income statement (McLaney and Atrill 2014). In essence, the overall depreciation amount is reported as a specific deduction from the historical cost of the asset registered on the balance sheet. However, in case of impairment, there are certain assets that might perhaps be reported at amount that is less than the one founded on historical cost. In actual fact, the use of historical cost can prove to be a disadvantage for those users of the financial assertions that has the need to know the current v alue. Intangible assets might have the need to be valued for variety of reasons (Trucco 2015). It can be observed that fair value system of accounting has greater probability to be selected for particularly PPE than any other non-financial assets as makers of property are normally more liquid. Managers are more probable to adopt fair value when it necessarily facilitates measurement of performance. In this case value alters in investment property are quite informative of different operating performance at the time when capital gains are necessarily part of the model of business (Barth 2015). However, fair value system adversely influences important performance dimensions in case if the management selects to hold diverse unproductive assets. Identification of valuation practices and for non-financial assets: PPE and intangibles In this study, the company chosen under the Australian Stock Exchange is Woolworths Limited, company selected under London Stock Exchange is Tesco Plc and the company selected under the New York Stock Exchange is the Alcoa Corporation. Alcoa Corporation: The consolidated financial statement of Alcoa Corporation is necessarily prepared as per the accounting principles normally accepted in particularly United States of America that is GAAP (Investors.alcoa.com 2018). This requires management to carry out specific judgements, estimations as well as assumptions. However, this might perhaps affect the registered amounts of entitys assets and liabilities along with the disclosure on specific contingent assets/liabilities at the financial statement date (Investors.alcoa.com 2018). In case of Alcoa Corporation, Properties, plants, as well as equipment are registered at cost. Essentially, depreciation is registered mainly on the straight-line method at specific rates founded on the approximated economic lives of the assets (Modi and Pathak 2014). Particularly, for diverse greenfield assets, that indicate towards construction of various new assets on several undeveloped land, different production mechanisms is utilized to register depreciation. As such, these assets have the need for a considerable period (normally over and above one-year) to boost production capacity. Properties, plants, as well as equipment (PPE) are analysed for the purpose of impairment whenever there are certain events or else alterations in state of affairs. This reflects the fact that the carrying amount of this kind of assets otherwise group of assets might perhaps not be recoverable. It can also be observed that recoverability of assets can be ascertained by way of comparing the approximated undiscounted flows of net cash operations associated to the firms assets or else group of asset to firms carrying amount. Again, an impairment loss can be detected at the time when assets or else carrying amount of group of assets surpasses the approximated undiscounted flows of net cash. In addition to this, impairment loss amount to be registered is enumerated as the excess of firms assets carrying value of asset group over fair value, with fair value ascertained utilizing the preeminent information obtainable that normally is a discounted flow of cash model (Weygandt et al. 2015). F urthermore, ascertainment of what comprises of group of asset, the related approximated undiscounted flows of net cash, and the approximated economic lives of assets also have the need of considerable judgments. In accordance with the annual report of the firm Alcoa Corporation, it can be stated that goodwill is not necessarily amortised, and in place of that it is assessed for impairment yearly otherwise more frequently in case if the pointers of impairment exist or else if a specific decision to sell or exit a business is made (Investors.alcoa.com 2018). The accounting policies mentioned in the annual report elucidates that a considerable amount of judgement of the management is involved in the process of ascertainment in case if a specific indicator/pointer of impairment has taken place. In addition to this, it can be hereby mentioned that this kind of pointers might perhaps include deterioration in normal economic circumstances, negative developments in the area of equity as well as market of credit, unfavourable transformations in the market in which the firm operates. These indicators also include enhancement in input costs that necessarily have an adverse impact in companys earnings a s well as flow of cash or a consistent trend of declining flows of cash (Cortesi et al. 2015). Impairment tests of goodwill in all previous years presented reflected that the firms goodwill was not impaired. Intangible assets having finite economic lives are necessarily amortised normally on a straight line basis methods over the time period benefitted. Woolworths Limited: The consolidated financial statements of the entire group are essentially the general purpose financial statements that have necessarily been presented and prepared as per the Corporation Act 2001, Australian Accounting Standards as well as Interpretations as well as the International Financial Reporting Standards. As per the annual report of the firm the PPE of the entire group is essentially enumerated at cost deducting accumulated depreciation or amortisation as well as accumulated impairment losses. Particularly, the cost of various self constructed assets of the firm comprises of the materials cost, direct labour in addition to proportion of overheads. The cost involved in development properties also comprises of borrowing, costs of holding along with development till the asset is complete (Hoyle et al. 2015). The annual financial pronouncement of the firm also mentions that the PPE are necessarily examined according to the strategy of impairment of non-finan cial assets. Again, approximation of useful lives also call for the need of important management judgement and are analysed at least yearly. In case of Woolworths Limited, impairment of PPE mainly associates to property impairment, store assets as well as distribution centres relating to Home Improvement Business (Wow2016ar.qreports.com.au 2018). Again, as per the annual report of the firm Woolworths limited, it can be hereby witnessed that intangible assets are enumerated at cost less specific accumulated amortisation as well as impairment losses. In case when intangible assets are acquired in a specific business combination, specific costs reflect the fair value particularly at the acquisition date (Whittington 2014). Also, the intangible assets of the firm having finite lives are necessarily amortised with various finite lives that are amortised using a straight line method over the approximated economic lives. Tesco Plc: Analysis of the annual report of the firm for the financial year 2016 reflects that the financial statements of the firm are presented and prepared in compliance with the regulations stipulated under International Financial Reporting Standards as has been adopted by the European Union. The financial pronouncements are prepared according to the necessities of the Companies Act of the year 2006 concerning the financial declaration of the Group as well as article 4 of particularly IAS Regulation. Evaluation of the important accounting policies of the firm reveals that the plant, property as well as equipment of the firm is necessarily carried at cost deducting accumulated depreciation in addition to any identified value of impairment. Essentially, the PPE is depreciated using the straight line method to essentially the residual value over the estimated economic lives (Tescoplc.com 2018). Analytical evaluation of the annual report of the firm for the financial year 2016 also r eplicates the fact that for non-financial assets of the firm counting the intangible assets as well as PPE, the group undertakes impairment testing in which there are certain indicators of particularly impairment. In case if such kind of impairment subsists, the entire recoverable amount of the firms assets is approximated in a bid to ascertain the degree and extent of loss of impairment (Hayne et al. 2014). In case where asset does not necessarily generate flows of cash that are specifically independent from various other assets, then the group approximates the entire recoverable amount of the overall cash generating unit. In addition to this, the annual report of the firm mentions that intangible assets namely software along with pharmacy licenses are necessarily enumerated initially at the cost of acquisition or else costs that is incurred for development of asset. Again, development expends that the firm incurs on a specific individual project is necessarily capitalized only when particular criteria are satisfied counting the asset generated shall possibly generate economic benefits in the upcoming period (Tescoplc.com 2018). In essence, intangible assets that the business acquires in a specific business combination are detected at fair value at the acquirement date. However, after initial recognition, specific intangible assets having finite useful lives are carried out at cost less accumulated amortisation as well as accumulated impairment losses (Warren 2016). Essentially, they are necessarily amortised on a straight line basis over the approximated useful lives that is at 10% to 25% of cost per annum. For diverse other non-financial assets counting intangible assets of the firm, the group carries out impairment testing essentially in cases where there are pointers of impairment. Examination whether PPE and intangibles are consistent across three firms The enumeration of PPE and intangible assets of the firm are quite consistent among the firms Tesco Plc and Woolworths Limited while it is bit different in case of Alcoa Corporation. In case of Tesco Plc, plant, property as well as equipment of the firm is necessarily carried at cost deducting accumulated depreciation in addition to any identified value of impairment (Tescoplc.com 2018). Again, in case of Woolworths Limited, PPE of the entire group is essentially enumerated at cost deducting accumulated depreciation or amortisation as well as accumulated impairment losses. However, in case of Alcoa Corporation, plants, as well as equipment are registered at cost. Essentially, depreciation is registered mainly on the straight-line method at specific rates founded on the approximated economic lives of the assets. In case of intangible assets of Tesco Plc, it is enumerated initially at the cost of acquisition or else costs that is incurred for development of asset. Also, specific intang ible assets having finite useful lives are carried out at cost less accumulated amortisation as well as accumulated impairment losses. In case of Woolworths Limited, intangible assets are enumerated at cost less specific accumulated amortisation as well as impairment losses. Again, in case of Alcoa Corporation, intangible assets having finite economic lives are necessarily amortised normally on a straight line basis methods. Opinion regarding free choice between historical cost and fair value accounting The current study helps in understanding various advantages of IFRS that allows free choice between fair value as well as the historical system of accounting. Essentially, IFRS has the ex-ante commitment necessity to one out of the two policies of accounting. In essence it is as per the interests of the management to restrict the overall scope for action in the upcoming period, for example, management of earnings. Thus, managers have certain initiative to properly respond to diverse demands of the market and commit to treatment of accounting that in turn can help in maximizing the firm value. Fair value accounting for diverse non-financial assets namely the enhanced the relevance value as well as information content, lessened comparability (Henderson et al. 2015). Reports suggest that the choice to utilize the fair value is not necessarily random and takes place at the time when the advantages necessarily outweigh specific costs. However, there are also evidences that reflect the fac t that the net benefits that can be obtained from fair value system of accounting is necessarily restricted. Essentially, it can thus be hereby stated that the choice between these system s of accounting have the need to be mentioned in the financial statements of the firm mainly following the adoption of the regulations of IFRS. This also needs to consistently implemented moving forward. References Abernathy, J.L., Beyer, B., Masli, A. and Stefaniak, C.M., 2015. How the source of audit committee accounting expertise influences financial reporting timeliness.Current Issues in Auditing,9(1), pp.P1-P9. Barth, M.E., 2015. Commentary on Prospects for Global Financial Reporting.Accounting Perspectives,14(3), pp.154-167. Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.339-383. Bushman, R.M., 2014. Thoughts on financial accounting and the banking industry.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.384-395. Callen, J.L., 2015. A selective critical review of financial accounting research.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,26, pp.157-167. Cortesi, A., Tettamanzi, P., Scaccabarozzi, U., Spertini, I. and Castoldi, S., 2015.Advanced Financial Accounting: Financial Statement AnalysisAccounting IssuesGroup Accounts. EGEA spa. Hayne, C.H.R.I.S.T.I.E. and Salterio, S.E., 2014. Accounting and auditing.The Oxford handbook of public accountability, pp.421-440. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hoyle, J.B., Schaefer, T. and Doupnik, T., 2015.Advanced accounting. McGraw Hill. Investors.alcoa.com. 2018. Available at: https://investors.alcoa.com/~/media/Files/A/Alcoa-IR/documents/annual-reports-and-proxy-information/annual-report-2016.pdf [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. McLaney, E.J. and Atrill, P., 2014.Accounting and Finance: An Introduction. Pearson. Modi, S. and Pathak, B.V., 2014. A Study on Value Relevance of Financial/Accounting Variables.Emerging Paradigms in Corporate Finance and Regulatory Framework ISBN, pp.978-81. Tescoplc.com. 2018. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/media/264194/annual-report-2016.pdf [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Trucco, S., 2015. Financial Accounting: Development Paths. InFinancial Accounting(pp. 9-40). Springer International Publishing. Warren, C.M., 2016. The impact of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)/International Financial Reporting Standard 16 (IFRS 16).Property Management,34(3). Warren, C.S. and Jones, J., 2018.Corporate financial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons. Whittington, G., 2014. Book review: Financial Accounting and Equity Markets: The Selected Essays of Philip Brown. Wild, J., 2015.Financial accounting fundamentals. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Williams, B., 2016. Financial Accounting Standards, Audit Profession Development, and Firm-Level Tax Evasion. Wow2016ar.qreports.com.au. 2018. Available at: https://wow2016ar.qreports.com.au/xresources/pdf/wow16ar-financial-report.pdf [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018].